Why Xi believes the U.S. and China can overcome the 'Thucydides Trap'

BEIJING — China is embracing the idea of competition without confrontation, by invoking an academic concept.

"The Thucydides Trap can be overcome," Chinese President Xi Jinping said on arriving at the White House to meet U.S. President Donald Trump on Thursday, according to the Chinese side's official readout.

That framing contrasts with the rhetorical question he posed at the May summit of whether the two countries could avoid the Thucydides Trap.

The Thucydides Trap, popularized by Harvard professor Graham Allison in the early 2010s, refers to how tensions between a rising and ruling power have historically often resulted in a war.

Thucydides was an Athenian general in ancient Greece. His historical record of the Peloponnesian War described how Athens' rapid rise in power alarmed Sparta and made war between the two city-states inevitable.

Allison has met Xi and visited China multiple times, including in June 2026 for a World Economic Forum event. Allison was founding dean of Harvard's Kennedy School, which for decades trained many of China's government officials .

The academic previously worked in the U.S. government as Assistant Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton in the 1990s and Special Advisor to the Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s.

Xi referred to the Thucydides Trap during a rare interview published by HuffPost in 2014 .